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TDE, the Thomson-Davis Editor Version 3.0 June 5, 1993 Frank Davis Description: TDE is a simple, public domain, multi-file/multi-window binary and text file editor written for IBM PCs and close compatibles. TDE is suitable for editing batch files, binary files, text files, and various computer language source code files. The only limit on the number and size of files that TDE can handle is the amount of conventional memory. Likewise, the only limit on the number of windows is the amount of conventional memory. There is no preset maximum number of files or windows that may be open at any one time. Introduction: I work with data files, computer source code, and various text files quite a bit. Most of the features in TDE are related, in some way, to handling those types of files. The various window and cursor commands in TDE are really nice for comparing and editing source code or output files. A good collection of block commands is available for use on source code and formatted data files. For what little word processing I do, TDE has a few simple commands for formatting text and paragraphs. In short, TDE contains most of the features that I use most of the time in an easy to use, easy to remember, and easy to configure editor. I hope you find TDE as easy to use for most of your routine editing as me. Usage: At the command line type: tde [ [-f search_pattern] file name(s)] tde [ [-g regular_expression] file name(s)] tde [ [-b] file name] For example: tde tde foo.bar tde c:\c70\TDE\main.c tde *.c \qc25\TDE\*.h tde foo.bar foobar f* foo.* f??b?? * * * to search files for a pattern or reg ex and load matches * * * tde -f find_me_load_me foo.* tde -f find_me_load_me foo.* *.bar new ==> tde -g "this|that" foo.* <=== finds "this" or "that" tde -g [a-zA-Z0-9_]+\( foo.bar <=== finds C functions Note: If the '|' symbol is needed in a regular expression on the command line, the search string needs to be enclosed in quotes, or the MSDOS command interpreter will interpret '|' as the pipe operator rather than the 'or' symbol. * * * to edit binary files * * * tde -b tde.exe tde -b80 tde.exe If you don't enter a file name on the command line, TDE will prompt you for a file name. If the file does not exist, TDE starts out with an empty file with the file name you just entered. Or, pressing <Enter> twice will pop-up a directory list. What's new: Management policy at Simtel20 forbids encryption/decryption functions in programs, no matter how simple. ROT13 was taken out of version 3.0 before it was sent to Simtel20, but ROT13 is available in this version. ROT13 is a simple encryption method, also known as a Caesar cypher. As the name implies, Caesar cyphers have been around since the ancient Romans. Incidentally, Caesar used ROT3. New features in TDE 3.0 include: FindRegX = #F7 RepeatFindRegX = F7 RepeatFindRegXBackward = @F7 DefineRegXGrep = ^F12 Renamed the SearchAndSeize functions to Grep The main feature in this version of TDE is a regular expression search function. I don't need regular expressions very often, but they do come in handy. For instance, our mainframe has a "compare" and a "compair" function. After years of using those functions, I have forgotten which is the correct spelling. With a regular expression function, I can search for "comp(are|air)". The '|' symbol, which is the or operator, is very useful for finding several different or similar patterns at once. Recently, I needed to delete all blank lines in a data file. With a simple macro, a regular expression search really simplified the job. Unfortunately, the regular expression search function can be very slow -- the worst case is really bad. Searching for .*abc can take several minutes in a small file (on a 486/33). Press Control-Break to break-out of a long running reg ex find. In all actuallity, I never need to search for worst case patterns. Here's the macro I used to delete all blank lines in a file: Shift-F7 = FindRegX (find a blank line before recording the macro) ^$ Alt-F3 = turn macro record on Alt-5 = assign macro to Alt-5 F7 = RepeatFindRegX - next blank line Alt-D = delete line Up = move cursor up a line (just in case current line is blank) Alt-5 = call the macro we just recorded Alt-F3 = turn macro record off Press Alt-5 to delete all blank lines. The SearchAndSeize function was renamed to Grep. I didn't want to call the old function Grep, because that implies the ability to search for regular expressions. Now, there is a choice between a very fast, but limited, DefineGrep or a slow, but very flexible, DefineRegXGrep for greping around. Regular Expression operator precedence: (based on the table in Dr. Aho's book) ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ c = char s = string r = regular expression │ ├─────────┬──────────────────────────────┬─────────────┤ │ c │ any non-operator character │ Felis │ │ \:c │ predefined macro: │ \:c*(ie|ei)│ │ │ \:a - alphanumeric │ │ │ │ \:b - white space │ │ │ │ \:c - alphabetic │ │ │ │ \:d - decimal │ │ │ │ \:h - hex │ │ │ │ \:l - lower alpha │ │ │ │ \:u - upper alpha │ │ │ \c │ c literally and C escapes │ catus\. │ │ . │ any character but newline │ c.t │ │ ^ │ beginning of line │ ^cat │ │ $ │ end of line │ cat$ │ │ [s] │ any character in s │ [a-z0-9] │ │ [^s] │ any character not in s │ [^AEIOU] │ │ r* │ zero or more r's │ ca*t │ │ r+ │ one or more r's │ ca[b-t]+ │ │ r? │ zero or one r │ c.?t │ │ r1r2 │ r1 then r2 │ ^$ │ │ r1|r2 │ r1 or r2 │ kitty|cat │ │ (r) │ r │ (c)?(a+)t │ └─────────┴──────────────────────────────┴─────────────┘ TDE only checks for valid syntax in a regular expression, which basically means that parens and brackets are balanced and that consecutive operators '*', '+', '?', and '|' are not allowed. For example, either ^$ or $^ will find blank lines. TDE does not check for regular expressions that create null loops in the pattern matching machine. If TDE can compile a regular expression, TDE will try to find it. Here are some examples of good and bad regular expressions in TDE: will find (good): chokes on null loops (bad): (a|b)* (a*|b)* a*(ba*)* (a*b*)* (a*b)* (a*b*)+ (a+)* (a*)+ a*|b (a?)* TDE will correctly compile all of the above regular expressions, but it just can't find the "bad" regular expressions. If TDE does choke on null loops, a harmless "nfa choked" message is displayed in the status bar at the bottom of the screen. TDE never tries to predict whether a given regular expression will produce null loops. Null loops are created when a regular expression has zero or more occur- rences of zero or more occurrences, e.g. (a*)*. The nondeterministic finite state pattern matching machine in TDE will choke trying to find an infinite number of zero occurrences of 'a'. New features in TDE 2.2 include: Dirty Line color = Config file NextDirtyLine = @F5 PrevDirtyLine = @F6 Right margin justify = ^F7 Stable Quicksort = replaced the old insertion sort Customize overscan = config utility Put support for two-key combo's back in, e.g. ^KQ Edit text and binary files + Source code may now be compiled w/ MSC 7.0, QuickC 2.51, and BC 3.1 + Make file supports MSC 7.0, QuickC 2.5, and BC 3.1 + autoload <LF>, <CRLF>, and some BIN (binary) files + added signatures to structures changed by the config utility + assertions in source code to find my many design flaws, programming mistakes, and logic errors In this version, the big text buffer was replaced by a double linked list. In general, many functions are faster. However, this version will not handle files quite as large as previous versions. On the other hand, this version will edit binary files. I think just about any ASCII or Extended ASCII character may be edited in any file. Also notice in the file header that the offset is displayed for files opened in binary mode. When I added support for binary files, I wanted the ability to edit some of the files produced by our lab equipment. The data collectors dump data in a fixed record size. The record size varies among the machines, so TDE needs to handle various fixed record formats. The default record length for binary files is 64. The default record size may be overridden on the command line with the /b switch. Just add the size of the desired fixed length record to the /b, e.g. tde -b128 nmr.dat tde -b80 hplc.dat tde -b54 rs232.dat Now, whenever a line is changed, the line changes color. The dirty line color can be set in the config utility. Incidentally, the dirty line color can be set to the same color as regular text, which effectively turns off this feature. After using this feature for a while, I really needed another function to move the cursor to dirty lines. During the day, I get interrupted quite a bit and forget what I just changed. The NextDirtyLine and PrevDirtyLine functions are really useful for finding the changes I made. Other times, I forget what I just did. Often, I forget what I just did five minutes ago. I vaguely remember changing something, but I can't remember what or where. The NextDirtyLine and PrevDirtyLine functions come in handy for those with bad memories, like me. A minor feature was added to the word processing functions: right margin justification. The SetRightMargin function asks whether or not to justify the right margin. In the ruler, a '<' indicates the right margin is jagged and a '├' indicates the right margin is smooth. The simple insertion sort was replaced by the much faster Quicksort. The SortBoxBlock function works the same -- just faster. Computer science types seem to have a fixation on sorting and searching. In the DTE 5.1 editor, Doug supported the WordStar/Turbo X command convention. TDE now supports two-key commands in a generic way. The first key must be a recognized function key and the second key can be anything, even a repeat of the first key. The one restriction with two-key commands is that macros cannot be assigned to two-key combo's. Now that I own both Microsoft C 7.0 and Borland C 3.1, the source was changed so both compilers can compile TDE. New features in TDE 2.1 include: SetLtabs = ^Tab SetPtabs = ^Tab, prompts for both Ltabs and Ptabs BlockCompressTabs = #@C BlockIndentTabs = #@I ToggleTabInflate = #@T DefineDiff = #F11 RepeatDiff = F11 -f pattern files = command line option to define grep DefineGrep = #F12 RepeatGrep = F12 SwapBlock = #@S Sort sequence = Config file Renamed functions: ReplaceString == ReplaceForward || ReplaceBackward PanUp == FixedScrollUP PanDown == FixedScrollDn PanLeft == ScrollLeft PanRight == ScrollRight At work, we may have several versions of one program. For me, I find it hard to remember which changes were made to which source files. There are several diff utilities that can point out differences, but I probably need the edit those differences anyway. The diff options I find most useful are: setting the diff start, ignore leading space, ignore all space, ignore blank lines, and ignore end of line. The new diff function in TDE prompts for the windows and the starting diff options. Once the diff is defined, press the RepeatDiff key at any time to find the next diff. With cursor sync turned on, it's easy to move the cursors to begin the next diff. Any two visible windows may be diffed. You may even diff windows in the same file, which is really nice for comparing similar functions, data, or text in separate areas of a file. Sort sequences were added for non-English languages: English, Esperanto, Finnish, French, German, and Swedish. You may customize the sort sequence in tde.cfg. This function is based on a program by Pierre Jelenc, pcj1@columbia.edu. Pierre's sort program will handle a much wider range of alphabets and languages than TDE. The new SwapBlock function works only with BOX blocks. Every once in a while, I need to swap rows of numbers or areas of text. The width of the swap area assumed to be the width of the BOX. New features in TDE 2.0e include: BlockRot13 = #@< BlockFixUUE = #@> BlockEmailReply = #@? ROT13 is an informal, voluntary standard used on the networks to send text that some may consider inappropriate. ROT13 is a convenient way that allows one to choose whether or not to read the material. To read the material, one has to make a conscious and deliberate effort to convert the text into a readable form. ROT13 is also used to hide answers to questions, puzzles, etc... BlockRot13 alternately converts ROT13 alpha characters into normal text and hides normal alpha characters in ROT13. The most common default for sending large binary files across network nodes and gateways uses UUencoding; however, some characters in the UUencode set do not make the trip correctly. On IBM mainframes, the EBCDIC to ASCII translation don't do right. Although I don't fully understand why, but, three characters need to be fixed when receiving text e-mail files, which include UUencoded files, from IBM mainframes. BlockFixUUE will fix the three characters in a marked block. The three characters that need to be fixed in text (as opposed to binary) e-mail files received from IBM mainframes are: Hex Decimal ASCII 1) 5d ==> 7c 93 ==> 124 ] ==> | 2) d5 ==> 5b 223 ==> 91 ╒ ==> [ 3) e5 ==> 5d 229 ==> 93 σ ==> ] When sending a reply to an e-mail, it is customary to prepend any lines from the original e-mail with the ">" character. BlockEmailReply prepends "> " to the original line in an e-mail and prepends ">" to all replies to replies in a LINE block. New features in TDE 2.0 include : DateTimeStamp = ^2 or Control-@ sign SortBoxBlock, ascending or descending = @S ToggleSmartTabs = @Tab Dynamic left margin for writers = @V Pause, useful with macros = ^P Recursive macros Support for Control-Break to stop recursive macros, sorting, search/replacing, some block operations, formatting text or paragraph, and printing. Support for lines as long as 1040 characters. Improved undo buffer management. There is now room for the last 10 by 1040 or 130 by 80 deleted lines. Gathered all prompts into one header file to aid translation of prompts and documentation into other languages. Configuration file, option 6 in tdecfg.exe. The date-time stamp was added to TDE because some users talk with field units over the phone and the event needs to be date and time stamped. Users may customize the date to local preferences, eg MM-DD-YY or DD-MM-YY. The time stamp may use either 12 hour or 24 hour form. Every once in a while, I need to sort data, names, etc..., in some of my files. The SortBoxBlock function was added to sort lines according to the keys in a box block. The keys may be sorted ascending or descending, while the IGNORE/MATCH toggle determines whether case is significant. To sort multiple columns, start the sort with the least significant key first. I also wrote a handler for the Control-Break interrupt, 0x1B. On IBM compatible PCs, the Control-Break key generates an interrupt via hardware. By writing a Control-Break interrupt handler, a user can immediately gain control of a run-a-way recursive macro, printing job, most box block operations, expanding tabs, trimming space from line blocks, formatting a paragraph or text, search/replace, or a sort operation. Although one may trap Control-C, which is a software generated interrupt, there is no telling when the operating system will turn control over to a Control-C handler. One may gain immediate control with the Control-Break key, however. The undo-buffer space and management was greatly enhanced. There is now room for over 200 deleted lines in the buffer. Users may now get back entire functions that may have been deleted. All of the prompts in TDE were gathered into one header file to aid the translation of documentation as well as the user prompts into other languages. Pierre Jelenc, pcj1@columbia.edu and a member of the Foreign Language Education Forum (FLEFO) on CompuServe, has translated the documentation and has created configuration files for several languages. If you need a non-English version of TDE, contact Pierre to find out if he has a version of TDE for you. A configuration file was added so that users may define all function keys, modes, and colors from a configuration file. Users may also define macros in the configuration file. Those who need to assign ASCII and Extended ASCII character to unused function keys will find this extremely useful. Some alphabets need letters with all kinds of accent marks. New features in TDE 1.5 include : Ruler = @R Block trim trailing = @T User defined macros: Record macro = @F3 Save macros to file = #F1 Load macros from file = #F3 Clear macro buffer = ^ESC Critical error handler If by accident you forget to put a diskette in a floppy drive and try to save a file or if you forget to turn on the printer before printing a block or file, a critical error occurs. That kind of error is the infamous Abort, Retry, Ignore thing. A routine was written to give some information on the kind and the location of those errors when they occur. The TDE critical error handler gives you all kinds of info and then prompts you for a response. The timeout for critical errors varies quite a bit. Some timeouts may take a couple of minutes. When I "work" at the USDA, I often need to create or massage formatted data files. Also, a lot of engineers and scientists at the USDA program in FORTRAN and the source code needs to be in a certain format. When working with those types of files, it is really useful to have a ruler that explicitly shows which column the cursor is in. The new ruler in TDE shows margins, column numbers, and a column pointer. New features in TDE 1.4 include : Split screen vertically = F8 Number box block = Alt+N Directory list = Alt+F1 Also added in tdecfg was a choice of cursor styles and a switch for .bak files. Both of those options are in the mode section of tdecfg. Editor fields and information lines: Sample TDE screen ┌─── File number - each window opened to same file has same number │ ┌─── Window letter │ │ │ │ ┌─── Dirty file indicator - asterisk │ │ │ ┌─── File name │ │ │ │ ┌──── File attributes │ │ │ │ │ ┌──── Total number of lines in file │ │ │ │ │ │ ┌─── CR, CRLF, BIN mode │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┌─── line:column ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ The first line on the screen contains file information │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │........1..... Optional ruler line ......7........8│ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ │ │ File area │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Editor modes and information │ └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ Insert │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └─ Overwrite │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └───── ^Z at eof? │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └───── trim trailing │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ space at eol, T = TRUE │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └─── character under cursor │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └───── CRLF or LF at eol? │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └───── word wrap indicator │ │ │ │ │ │ └───── Sync cursor in all windows? │ │ │ │ │ └───── Ignore / Match search case? │ │ │ │ └───── Indent mode? │ │ │ └───── Tab modes = Smart/Fixed, In/Deflate, and ptabs │ │ └───── Available memory for editing files │ └───── Total number of windows, including hidden windows └───── Total number of open files Multiple keys: I use the following abbreviated key definitions throughout this file: ^ = Control # = Shift @ = Alt For example, ^F5 means press and hold the Control key and then press F5 while holding down the Control key. Cursor movement: 101 Keyboard overview Cursor keys Keypad keys ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐ ┌───────┬───────┬───────┬───────┐ │ Ins │Home │PgUp │ │NumLock│Grey / │Grey * │Grey - │ ├─────┼─────┼─────┤ ├───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┤ │ Del │ End │PgDn │ │ Home │ Up │ Pg Up │ Grey │ └─────┴─────┴─────┘ ├───────┼───────┼───────┤ + │ │ Left │Center │ Right │ │ ┌─────┐ ├───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┤ │ Up │ │ End │ Down │ Pg Dn │ Grey │ ┌─────┼─────┼─────┐ ├───────┴───────┼───────┤ │ │Left │Down │Right│ │ Ins │ Del │ Enter │ └─────┴─────┴─────┘ └───────────────┴───────┴───────┘ If you like using these grey With Num Lock off, cursor keys, these function you can probably guess most assignments are for you. of these function assignments. Grey cursor keys Keypad keys Up - move cursor up Home - toggle col 1 & beg of line Down - move cursor down ^Home - first line in window Left - move cursor left Pg Up - page up Right - move cursor right ^Pg Up - goto first page in file ^Up - scroll cursor up Center - move to center of window ^Down - scroll cursor down ^Center - line to center of window ^Left - cursor to previous word End - last character in line ^Right - cursor to next word ^End - last line in window @Up - pan up Pg Dn - page down @Down - pan down ^Pg Dn - goto last page in file @Left - pan left Ins - toggle insert mode @Right - pan right Del - delete character @PgUp - horizontal page left ^Del - stream delete character @PgDn - horizontal page right Grey - - scroll screen up ^#Left - pan left Grey + - scroll screen down ^#Right - pan right ^Grey - - pan up ^Grey + - pan down Enter - Insert line and move down #Enter - 1st char in next line ^Enter - column 1 in next line Function Keys: I tried to use some logical order when I assigned functions to the function keys. I use a 101 keyboard most of the time, so it should be easy to see the logical function grouping with it. The function keys on a 101 keyboard are placed along the top of the keyboard. Functions are arranged as follows: Help File Find/Replace Window Functions & Diff Commands F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 F1 = Instantaneous Help @F1 = Directory List List the contents of a directory or matching files. At the prompt, press enter to list all files in the current directory or enter any valid subdirectory name, file name, or wild card characters. You don't have to put a *.* at the end of a subdirectory name; the directory list function adds those wild card characters to subdirectory names as a default. A '\' is added to the end of subdirectory names in the file list. To list files in other directories, just move the cursor to the desired subdirectory name and press enter. When you see ..\ in the directory list, the double periods represent the parent of the current directory. The .\ represents the current directory. You may move up and down the directory tree by selecting the parent or childrens of the current directory. File Functions: F2 = Save file Saves all changes made to file. Existing file is overwritten by the new file. It does not prompt for a new file name - automatically assumes you want to overwrite the old file. F3 = Quit file Abandons any changes made in the file and closes or kicks the file out of the current window. If you are editing multiple files or have multiple windows, TDE searches for any invisible files to display in the current window. If no invisible windows are found, TDE combines windows. If this is the only file being edited, F3 quits TDE. If you made any changes to the file, it asks you if you want to abandon them. You can create an invisible window when you load in a file over the current file. Nothing happens to the invisible file or window - you just can't see it. When I added vertical windows, this routine became a LOT more complicated. To keep things reasonably sane, let's only close windows that have three common edges, eg. ┌──────┬──────────┐ │ │ no │ │ ├─────┬────┤ │ │yes1 │yes1│ │ no ├─────┴────┤ │ │ yes2 │ │ ├──────────┤ │ │ yes2 │ └──────┴──────────┘ Windows with 'no' cannot be closed. Windows with 'yes' can be combined with windows that have the same yes number. F4 = File (save and quit) This function is a combination of Save and Quit (F2 & F3 above). #F2 = Save as If you don't want to overwrite the original file but you want to save the contents of the current file, you may save the file under a different file name. This function prompts you for a file name to save the changes (press escape to abort). #F4 = Edit new file To bring another file into the editor, use this function. It loads the file into the current window and previous window becomes invisible. You can even load several copies of the same file. I like this because I often need to refer back to the original unchanged file on disk. When I make a booboo in a file, which is quite often, I don't necessarily want to quit and start over; I just want to get back the part that I messed up. It is really easy to mark the original text in a block and copy it to the place where I made a booboo. Each time a file is loaded into TDE, it is treated as a different file. @F2 = Set file attributes Change the attributes of a file. Attributes are: A = Archive, S = System, H = Hidden, R = Read-Only. You can change the attributes of a file so that read-only files can be edited. To edit a read-only file: 1) edit the file, 2) change the file attributes to archive, 3) save the changes made in the file, 4) change the file attributes back to read-only. @F4 = Edit next file If you type multiple file names or type wildcard characters on the command line, press this key to bring in the next file or the next matching file into the editor. -f pattern file(s) (Command line DefineGrep) -g pattern file(s) (Command line DefineRegXGrep) or ^F12 = DefineRegXGrep #F12 = DefineGrep Grep will search files for a pattern and only load those files that contain pattern. The command line Define Grep works a little differently than the function key Grep. On the command line, spaces are interpreted by DOS as delimiters. Therefore, the search pattern on the command line can not have any embedded spaces. On the other hand, the Fkey Grep search pattern may contain most any character. Defining Grep also defines the search pattern. When a file is loaded, press RepeatFind to go to the next occurrence of pattern. There are actually two find structures - one for the standard search function and one for Grep. Defining Grep also defines the search function. However, redefining the standard search structure has no effect on the Grep pattern. The Grep pattern remains defined until another Grep redefines it. F12 = RepeatGrep After Grep has been defined, press this key to search the next file for pattern. Macros: @F3 = Macro record This key toggles macro record off and on. A flashing "Recording" is displayed in the lite bar, so it shouldn't be too difficult to tell when record is on. This function assigns a keystroke or a series of keystrokes to an unused function key. Keystrokes are played back for some prompts. Prompts that require the user to input a name or pattern are played back. Prompts that require the user to enter a choice, "Overwrite existing file (y/n)?" for example, are not played back. There is room for 1024 keystrokes in the macro buffer. There are no restrictions on the length of a single macro. If you want, you may define one macro that contains 1024 keystrokes. When TDE terminates, all macros definitions disappear. Macro definitions are temporary. If you want to reuse macros that are defined during an editing session, they need to be saved before you exit TDE. Recursive Macros "Recursive" macros are supported. Only one level of recursion is supported in TDE. Here's a simple example of a recursive macro: Alt-F3 = turn macro record on Alt-5 = assign the recording to Alt-5 Down = move cursor down a line Alt-5 = call the macro we just defined Alt-F3 = turn macro record off Enter this macro and press Alt-5 to see what a recursive macro does. Recursive macros repeatedly execute themselves until an error condition occurs, which usually happens when the end of file is reached. I often use recursive macros to delete certain lines in a file or to rearrange the fields of a formatted data file. Each editor function in TDE returns a code to the macro processor that indicates whether or not an error occurred. Here are some conditions that generate an error: attempting to move the cursor past the end of file or behind the start of the file, trying to add too many characters in a line, attempting block operations with no marked block, etc... One interesting phenomenon about recursive macros is that a macro can be defined that never terminates. The simplest non-terminating macro definition in TDE is: Alt-F3 = turn macro record on Alt-7 = assign the recording to Alt-7 Alt-7 = call the macro we just defined Alt-F3 = turn macro record off This a+7 macro carries out no instructions. The only thing this macro does is call itself. In a perfect world, this macro will execute forever. There are lots of ways to create non-terminating recursive macros. Be creative and try creating a few non- terminating recursive macros yourself. With several different sizes and shapes of horizontal and vertical windows on the screen and with cursor sync toggled on, you can create some really neat macros using cursor movement keys. If you get tired of waiting for forever, just press Control-Break to stop any macro. A Really Neat Recursive Macro Here's a really neat recursive macro that you might try with cursor sync turned off. Edit a fairly large file, one with at least a 1000 lines, and move the cursor to line 500 or the half way point. Then, split the screen into several vertical windows with about 15 columns in each window , e.g.: ┌───────┬───────┬────────┬───────┬───────┐ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ start │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └───────┴───────┴────────┴───────┴───────┘ With cursor sync turned off and macro record turned on, define a macro that 1) moves the cursor down in one window, 2) goes to the next window and moves the cursor up, 3) goes to the next window and moves the cursor down, 4) when the cursor finally makes it back to the starting window, make the macro recursive. Suppose the cursor is in the window labeled "start" in the sample screen above. Here's the way the keystrokes in this macro would be recorded: Alt-F3 = turn macro record on Alt-8 = assign this macro to Alt-8 Down = move cursor down in "start" window F10 = next window Up = move cursor up F10 = next window Down = move cursor down F10 = next window Down = move cursor down F10 = next window Up = move cursor up F10 = next window - cursor is now in "start" Alt-8 = call the macro just defined. it's now recursive. Alt-F3 = turn macro record off Press Alt-8 and watch a really neat recursive macro. #F1 = Save macro file Saves all macro definitions to a file. TDE prompts for the macro file name. #F3 = Load macro file Prompts for a search pattern or file name. I can never remember macro file or path names, so this function uses a file pick list. ^ESC = Clear macros Resets or clears all macros. ^P = Pause When this function is part of a macro, press any key to continue the macro or press ESC to halt or break the macro. Find and Search/Replace: TDE uses the Boyer-Moore search algorithm for finding strings. Typically, the longer the search pattern the faster the search. So, if you want to speed up searches, try searching for longer patterns, e.g. phrases. ^F5 = Toggle search case You can toggle the case of the search flag at any time, even after you define the search pattern. #F5 = find forward To define the search pattern, use this function. It prompts you for the search pattern. The pattern is defined, across files, until changed. #F6 = find backward Same as find forward except search backward in file. F5 = Repeat find forward Once the search pattern has been defined (Shift F5 or Shift F6), you can press this key at any time in any file to find the next occurrence of pattern. I decided to use two sets of functions to perform searches. Once I found a pattern, I might do some editing and then find the next occurrence. I hate to define the search pattern over and over or set the search direction over and over. This function does a wrap search - when it reaches the eof it starts over at the beginning of the file. F6 = Repeat find backward Like repeat find forward, you can press this key at anytime once the search pattern has been defined. Repeat find forward2 Like F5 except the cursor is not repositioned to the middle of the screen. This function is useful when working with data files. Repeat find backward2 Like F6 except the cursor is not repositioned to the middle of the screen. #F8 = Replace String This function prompts you for the search pattern and the replacement text. It also prompts for the replace direction. If you want to match the search case, remember to toggle the search flag, which can be done at any time. You can either do prompt or no prompt replacing. Regardless of prompt or no prompt replacing, this function actually moves the cursor to the pattern and displays it on the screen and replaces the text. If you are using TDE on a slow machine, you can see the search/replace taking place. I implemented the function this way because I just like to see what the search/replace function is doing. Press Control-Break to stop no prompt replacing. #F7 = FindRegX Prompts for regular expression to find. Press F1 for a help table. F7 = RepeatFindRegX Once a regular expression is defined, find next regular expression. @F7 = RepeatFindRegXBackward Once a regular expression is defined, find previous reg ex. Diff Functions: #F11 = DefineDiff This function initializes diff. It prompts for the window number and letter to diff, ignore leading space, ignore all space, ignore blank lines, ignore case, and ignore end of line. Any two windows may be diffed. Diff only requires that the windows be visible. Diff prompts DIFF: Enter first window number and letter (e.g. 1a) : DIFF: Enter next window number and letter (e.g. 2a) : DIFF: Start diff at (B)eginning of file or (C)urrent position? (b/c) DIFF: Ignore leading spaces (y/n)? DIFF: Ignore all space (y/n)? DIFF: Ignore blank lines (y/n)? DIFF: Ignore end of line (useful with reformatted paragraphs) (y/n)? F11 = RepeatDiff Once the diff has been defined, press RepeatDiff to find the next diff. Window Functions: F8 = Split window vertically Splits the screen at the current cursor location. The current file is displayed in multiple windows. Changes to a file are echoed in all windows opened to the same copy of that file. You can also see any marked blocks in the same copy of the file in different windows. There has to be at least 15 columns in any window, so the number of visible windows is limited by the display screen. F9 = Split window horizontally Splits the screen at the current cursor location. There has to be at least 1 text line in any window, so the number of visible windows is limited by the display screen. #F9 = Resize window Sometimes there is a need to concentrate on the contents of one window. Use the up and down arrow keys to adjust the current window to desired size. Changing the size of the top window is not allowed. ^F9 = Zoom window Makes the current window fill the whole screen. All windows except the current window become invisible. F10 = Next window If more than one window is displayed, you can press one key to move to the next window. #F10 = Previous window Move to previous window - opposite of next window. ^F10 = Next Hidden Window Displays "hidden" or "invisible" windows in the same place as the current window. The current window then becomes invisible. Block Commands: Block operations can be done within or between files. Operations on line blocks that move text are carried out on the line immediately below the cursor. Operations on box or stream blocks that move text begin at the column of the cursor. Press Control-Break to stop most Box operations. Nearly all Line and Stream operations happen so fast that you can't stop them once they are started. @B - Mark Box Block This key is used to mark both the beginning and ending corner of a box block. @L - Mark Line Block This key is similar to the operation of the box block, but entire lines are marked. @X - Mark Stream Block All the text between the beginning and ending column, sorta like a stream of characters, is marked. Useful with sentences. @U - Unmark Block If you make a booboo when marking blocks, press @U to unmark the block and start over. After certain block operations, the block may remain marked. @G - Group Delete block Sorta self explanatory. This function deletes the text in the marked block. @M - Move block Move the cursor to the desired location and press @M to move the marked block. In line mode, the text is moved to the line immediately below the cursor. In box and stream mode, the block is moved to the column of the cursor. @C - Copy block With line blocks, the block is copied to the line below the cursor. With box and stream blocks, the block is copied beginning at the column of the cursor. If you try to copy a Line block within itself, the block copy starts at the first line immediately after the marked block. @K - Kopy block Same as copy block except block stays marked. It's sorta like a poor man's cut-and-paste buffer. @O - Overlay block You can only overlay Box blocks. The original block stays marked after the operation. @F - Fill box block Fills the marked Box block with character. This function is useful for filling in a column of periods for tables and such. @N - Number box block TDE prompts you for the starting number, the increment, and whether to left or right justify the numbers. TDE only handles integers - no floating point numbers are allowed. I felt that there were too many things involved in real numbers, eg. number of significant places to left of decimal, to right of decimal, exponents, engineering form, scientific form, etc.... If you want real numbers, just use a combination of the number box and fill box functions. Use the fill box function to make a column of decimals and the number box function to number the left and right side of the decimal. @P - Print block Prints the block to the PRN device. I haven't tried redirecting the PRN, but it should work. This function prompts for block or file to print. Press Control-Break to stop printing. @S - Sort box block Lines are sorted, ascending or descending, using the contents of the box block as the sort keys. The Ignore/Match toggle determines whether case of the keys is significant. To sort multiple columns, sort the least significant column first. Press Control-Break to stop. #@S - Swap block Swap block only works with BOX blocks. The area to be swapped is assumed to be the width of the BOX block. Make sure the cursor is at the top left corner of the area to swap before swapping. @W - Write block to file Writes the marked block to a file. TDE prompts for the file name. @E - Block expand tabs Expands the tabs in the marked block, which must be a LINE block, using the current tab setting. Press Control-Break to stop. @T - Block trim trailing Trims trailing space, if any, at the end of each line in a LINE block. Press Control-Break to stop. @< - Block upper case Convert all lower case characters in the block to upper case. Our old IBM mainframe line printers can only print upper case. @> - Block lower case Convert all upper case characters in the block to lower case. @? - Block strip high bit Strip the high bit off all characters in the block. This function is useful when editing files produced by WordStar. #@< - BlockRot13 Convert all alpha characters in a block using ROT13. #@> - BlockFixUUE Fixes the EBCDIC to ASCII problem with text e-mail. #@? - BlockEmailReply Prepends the customary "> " or ">" to e-mail replies to lines in a LINE block. Word Processing Commands: @V - toggle word wrap Toggle word wrap between off, Fixed Wrap, and Dynamic Wrap. In Fixed Wrap mode, the left margin is explicitly determined by the left margin setting. In Dynamic Wrap mode, the left margin is determined by the indentation of the current line. Writers may find the Dynamic Wrap mode easier to use. If the cursor is somewhere in the line, words are pushed to the next line. In TDE, other than margins, word wrap and format paragraph or format text have nothing to do with each other. Word wrap is used to push characters or the cursor to the next line when the right margin is violated. Format paragraph and format text can be used at any time - they do not depend on the state of the WordWrap flag. ^F6 - Set Left margin May be set to any column equal to or greater than 1 and less than the right margin. ^F7 - Set Right margin May be set to any column greater than the left margin and less than the maximum line length or 1040. ^F8 - Set Paragraph margin The paragraph margin may be set to any column less than the right margin. format paragraph - not currently assigned to a key Text is formatted from the beginning of the paragraph according to the current left, right, and paragraph margins. If the cursor is not on the beginning line of a paragraph, TDE searches for start of the paragraph and formatting starts there. The entire paragraph is formatted according to the margins. ^B - Format Text Text is formatted from the cursor onward. This function does not search for the beginning of the paragraph to start the format. @F8 - Left justify Beginning of current line is adjusted to start at left margin @F9 - Right justify End of current line is adjusted so it ends at the right margin @F10 - Center justify Current line is centered between the left and right margins. Tabs: Tab If in insert mode, insert the appropriate number of spaces for a tab and move the cursor left. If in overwrite mode, just move the cursor left w/o inserting text. #Tab Move cursor to previous tab. ^Tab Set ptabs and ltabs. @Tab Toggle smart tab mode. Smart tab positions are determined by looking for the first, previous, non-blank line above the cursor and then positioning the cursor at the beginning of the next or previous word from the column of the cursor. It's useful for building tables and formatted data files. #@T Toggle TabInflate mode. In TabInflate mode, tabs are not physically expanded. Tabs are filled with space to give the illusion of physical expansion. Toggles: ^F1 Toggle cursor sync. Only cursor movement commands are synced. Commands that change text are not synced. ^F2 Toggle eol display. A special character is displayed in the column of the actual new line. ^F3 Toggle writing <CR><LF>, <LF>, or nothing at end of line. TDE will read a text file with lines that end in either method; however, you may want to write the file in a different method. I think *nix systems only want a <LF> of the end of line. ^F4 Toggle trimming trailing space at the end of line. A 'T' is displayed in the bottom right of the mode line to indicate trailing space is trimmed. ^F5 = Toggle search or sort case You can toggle the case flag at any time, even after you define the search pattern. Ins Toggle between insert and overwrite mode. @I Toggle between indent and no indent mode. In indent mode, TDE searches for the first non-blank character on previous lines and places the cursor on that column when a carriage return is pressed. When backspacing in indent mode, TDE lines up the indentation with the first non-blank character of the previous line(s). @R - Toggle ruler Toggle display of ruler in all visible windows. @V - toggle word wrap Toggle word wrap between Off, Fixed Wrap, and Dynamic Wrap. @Z Toggle writing Control Z at the end of file. Some programs may misbehave if a Control Z is not at the end of the file. Other keys: Enter Insert a newline at the cursor. If the cursor is in the middle of a line, the line is split at the cursor. Indentation is matched if the editor is in the Indent mode. #Enter Move the cursor down a line. The cursor is placed on the first non-blank character in the next line. No lines are added to the file. ^Enter Move the cursor down a line. The cursor is placed on column 1 in the next line. No lines are added to the file. Up (arrow) Move cursor up. Down (arrow) Move cursor down. Left (arrow) Move cursor left. Right (arrow) Move cursor right. Home Toggles between the first non-blank character and column zero. End Move cursor to the end of line character. Page Up Move cursor up one page. Page Down Move cursor down one page. ^Right Move cursor one word right. ^Left Move cursor one word left. ^#Right (Control+Shift+Right) Pan the screen one character to the right. ^#Left (Control+Shift+Left) Pan the screen one character to the left. ^Home Move cursor to first line on screen. ^End Move cursor to last line on screen. ^Page Up Move cursor to first page in file. ^Page Down Move cursor to last page in file. Zip to line Move to line number. TDE prompts for line number. Press Escape to abort. Center The cursor is moved to the center of the current window. ^Center The line the cursor is on is moved to the center of the current window. Grey - (on the key pad) or ^Down Scroll window up with cursor staying on same line in file. Grey + (on the key pad) or ^Up Scroll window down with cursor staying on same line in file. @Grey Up (the arrow in the cursor/control cluster) or ^Grey - (grey - on keypad) Cursor stays on same line of the screen as the file scrolls up. @Grey Down (the arrow in the cursor/control cluster) or ^Grey + (grey + on keypad) Cursor stays on same line of the screen as the file scrolls down. @Grey PgUp Horizontal page left. @Grey PgDn Horizontal page right. ESC - undo line Get back the original unchanged line. When cursor is moved off a line, all changes to the file are made and there is no way to get back the contents of a line. Del Delete the character, if any, under the cursor. ^Del Delete the characters in the file as if they were a stream. Lines will be joined at the cursor and eventually every character in the file may be deleted. Backspace Delete the character to the left of the cursor and move left. If the cursor is on the first column of a line, the current line is joined with the line above. If in indent mode and the cursor is on the first non-blank character, TDE matches the indentation of the previous line(s). @= Duplicates the current line. @- Deletes the text from the cursor to the end of line. ^Y Deletes current line, cursor does not move. @D Deletes current line, cursor does not move (exactly same as ^Y). @Y or ^U Undelete the most recently deleted line. The undelete buffer has room for 200 lines of deleted text. If more than 200 lines are deleted, the oldest line(s) are pushed out before the new one is added. You may press ^U repeatedly to undelete all lines in the buffer. Deleted lines from line delete, delete to end of line, word delete, join line, and backspace are stored in the undelete buffer. @A Add a blank line below cursor. ^_ or Control underline Split line at column of cursor. If in indent mode, the split line is autoindented. @J Join the current line with the line below. ^] Paren Balance. @1 - @3 Set a file marker. Each file may have up to 3 markers. #@1 - #@3 (Shift+Alt+1 thru Shift+Alt+3) Goto a previously defined file marker. ^@ (Control+At sign -- not Control+Alt. Control+At sign is the first character in the ASCII character set, Control+2 on many keyboards) Writes the current system date and time at the column of the cursor. Use tdecfg to set the desired year and time format. Control-Break In TDE, Control-Break will stop printing, sorting, search/replacing, and recursive macros. WordStar style commands: A limited number of WordStar style commands are implemented in TDE. I have no plans, whatsoever, to implement any additional WordStar style commands. This implementation may not correspond exactly to the WordStar command convention. WordStar is a trademark of WordStar International. ^A - word left ^B - format text ^C - screen down ^D - character right ^E - line up ^F - word right ^G - delete character ^H - backspace ^I - tab ^J - help ^K - n/a ^L - n/a ^M - return (carriage control, enter) ^N - add line below cursor ^O - n/a ^P - n/a ^Q - n/a ^R - page up ^S - character left ^T - word delete ^U - undelete line ^V - toggle insert mode ^W - scroll up line ^X - line down ^Y - delete line ^Z - scroll line down ^\ - redraw screen Editor command summary: Function Description Help Display instantaneous help screen Rturn Insert newline and move down while matching indentation NextLine Move cursor to first character in next line BegNextLine Move cursor to first column in next line LineDown Move cursor down a line LineUp Move cursor up a line CharRight Move cursor right one character CharLeft Move cursor left one character PanRight Pan screen one character right PanLeft Pan screen one character left WordRight Move cursor to beginning of next word WordLeft Move cursor to beginning of previous word ScreenDown Page screen down ScreenUp Page screen up EndOfFile Move to the last page in a file TopOfFile Move to the first page in a file BotOfScreen Move cursor to bottom of current window TopOfScreen Move cursor to top of current window EndOfLine Move cursor to end of line BegOfLine Move cursor to first character in line or column 1 JumpToLine Move cursor to line entered by user CenterWindow Move cursor to center of current window CenterLine Move current line and cursor to center of window HorizontalScreenRight Page screen right HorizontalScreenLeft Page screen left ScrollDnLine Scroll screen down 1 line and cursor moves with line ScrollUpLine Scroll screen up 1 line and cursor moves with line PanUp Scroll screen up 1 line and cursor does not move PanDn Scroll screen down 1 line and cursor does not move ToggleOverWrite Toggle insert/overwrite mode and cursor changes shape ToggleSmartTabs Toggle smart tab mode on/off ToggleIndent Toggle indent mode on/off ToggleWordWrap Toggle word wrap on/off ToggleCRLF Toggle CRLF/LF at eol when writing file to disk ToggleTrailing Toggle trim trailing space at eol ToggleZ Toggle writing ^Z at eof ToggleEol Toggle display of eol character ToggleSync Toggle cursor sync ToggleRuler Toggle ruler display ToggleTabInflate Toggle expanding tabs in display SetTabs Set file tabs SetLeftMargin Set left margin SetRightMargin Set right margin SetParagraphMargin Set paragraph margin FormatParagraph Format the entire paragraph according to margins FormatText Format from the cursor line to end of paragraph LeftJustify Left justify a line RightJustify Right justify a line CenterJustify Center justify a line Tab Move cursor to next tab and add spaces if insert mode BackTab Move cursor to previous tab and delete if insert mode ParenBalance Match (), {}, or [] under the cursor BackSpace Delete previous character DeleteChar Delete current character, but do not join lines StreamDeleteChar Delete current character and join lines if at eol DeleteLine Delete current line DelEndOfLine Delete from the cursor to the eol WordDelete Delete from the cursor to the end of word AddLine Insert a blank line under the cursor SplitLine Split the current line at the cursor JoinLine Join next line with current line at the cursor DuplicateLine Duplicate the current line AbortCommand Abort editor functions UndoLine Get back the original contents of a line UndoDelete Get back up to the last 200 lines deleted text ToggleSearchCase Toggle match/ignore search case or sort case FindForward Prompt for pattern and search forward FindBackward Prompt for pattern and search backward RepeatFindForward1 Repeat find forward and adjust cursor if needed RepeatFindForward2 Repeat find forward and do not adjust cursor RepeatFindBackward1 Repeat find backward and adjust cursor if needed RepeatFindBackward2 Repeat find backward and do not adjust cursor ReplaceString Search and replace pattern forward/backward DefineDiff Define starting diff options RepeatDiff Find the next diff MarkBox Mark start or end of a box block MarkLine Mark start or end of a line block MarkStream Mark start or end of a stream block UnMarkBlock Unmark a block FillBlock Fill a box block with prompted character NumberBlock Fill a box block with starting number using increment CopyBlock Copy a block to cursor and unmark block KopyBlock Copy a block to cursor and leave block marked MoveBlock Move a block to cursor and unmark block OverlayBlock Overlay a box block DeleteBlock Delete a block SwapBlock Swap contents of BOX block w/ cursor BlockToFile Write a marked block to a file PrintBlock Print a block or file BlockExpandTabs Expand tabs in marked LINE block using tab setting BlockCompressTabs Compress space to tabs in LINE block BlockIndentTabs Compress leading space to tabs in LINE block BlockTrimTrailing Trim trailing space from all lines in a line block BlockUpperCase Convert all lower case in block to upper case BlockLowerCase Convert all upper case in block to lower case BlockRot13 Rotate alpha characters by 13 BlockFixUUE Fix the ASCII-EBCDIC translation problem BlockEmailReply Prepend '>' to included mail blocks BlockStripHiBit Strip the high bit from all characters in block SortBoxBlock Sort line according to keys in box block DateTimeStamp Insert system time and date EditFile Editor prompts for file to edit DirList List matching files in subdirectories File Save file and quit window Save Save file SaveAs Save file under a new file name SetFileAttributes Set current file attributes EditNextFile Edit next file on command line DefineGrep Initial simple pattern and search files RepeatGrep Search and load next file that contains pattern RedrawScreen Redraw the screen SizeWindow Change size of current window SplitHorizontal Split current window horizontally SplitVertical Split current window vertically NextWindow Move to next window PreviousWindow Move to previous window ZoomWindow Make current window the maximum window size NextHiddenWindow Switch to next hidden window SetMark1 Set a file marker SetMark2 SetMark3 GotoMark1 Move cursor to previously defined marker GotoMark2 GotoMark3 RecordMacro Record keystrokes PlayBack Used in config file - play back keystrokes SaveMacro Save macro to a file LoadMacro Load macro from a file ClearAllMacros Clear the macro buffer Pause Pause a macro Quit Quit current window and file and abandon changes NextDirtyLine Move cursor to next dirty line, if it exists. PrevDirtyLine Move cursor to previous dirty line, if it exists. FindRegX Prompt for regular expression to find RepeatFindRegX Find next regular expression RepeatFindRegXBackward Find previous regular expression DefineRegXGrep Initialize grep function